How to Rank For a Single Keyword

How to Rank For a Single KeywordHow can you successfully rank in Google for a single query? That's a very simple question, but it's one that's often asked by webmasters who wish to rank for specific terms. In this article I'm going to give you a few ways you can do just that.One of the main ways that you can rank for keywords is to get your site listed on a couple of keywords search engines. These are all major search engines, and in most cases you're going to have to make a lot of changes in order to make your site rank well. You should do this with a fresh website because it will be more difficult for your old site to rank for the same terms.Another popular keyword is 'feminism'. This is not really an issue, and if your site is already ranking well for this then that's the main way to improve rankings. However, if you don't have a site ranking well for this you may want to look at other options. My suggestion is to create a separate site, and start out your project like this.With t hat said, you can actually create another website called 'Controversial Women' to promote. It is important that you maintain the original site even though you have a separate site, so it's best to keep it completely separate from the original site.If you go about this the right way, you should be able to find at least a couple of niche search engines to put on your new site. These are all fine keywords, but they're also a bit more unique. This means that your articles will be listed in these more specialized sites, and that will mean more chances of getting listed in Google.Once you have a couple of sites listed in these big companies, you're going to start to see your traffic start to increase. The trick is to continue creating and improving your articles until you have your site ranking well for this keyword. Then you'll be ranked as a quality site.As you can see there are a lot of different ways to go about ranking well for a single keyword. Just make sure that you keep in mind t hat not every new term that you create will be successful, but with time you will find that many of them are.

Easyjet Market Analysis - 5043 Words

Executive Summary: This report illustrates an in-depth look of easyJet and will also discuss an analytic research that was made to demonstrate aspects of the history of the airline, along with the marketing strategy and brand strategy used and implemented by the low-budget airline. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, known as SWOT analysis, will also be illustrated along with the external environment better known as PEST analysis which consists of the political, environmental, social/cultural and technology factors of easyJet. In addition an analysis of the competitive market environment of easyJet will be shown, which includes an overview of easyJet’s main competitors and the nature of business in which they operate†¦show more content†¦Economical Factors: Some of the economical factors that may affect easyJet consist of an increase in fuel costs, other environmental factors that contribute to the economy such as natural disasters would result in easyJet not being able to operate for a certain period of time. Another factor that can have an effect on easyJet is the recession, research has indicated that this recession is likely to last longer than expected, which results in less business travellers travelling due to an attempt to decrease the amount of spending. Globalisation may be seen as another factor, as it continues to enhance air traffic in the long-term. (Geiger et al., n.d.). Social/Cultural Factors: The social and cultural factors that might affect the operation of easyJet are that French and German customers are unwilling to use their credit cards over the internet or phones or via the internet, this caused a problem for easyJet since they only sell tickets via the internet and phones. Another simple but affective factor that contributes to their operation is that the people are generally willing and not hesitant to pay for cheaper flights. (Geirger et al., n.d.). Technological Factors: The key technological factors that contribute to easyJets’ operations is the technological advancements which they try to integrate into their own systems such an example would be Galileo and Amadeus, which in turn makes online bookings more efficient and effective. (Bing, 2007).Show MoreRelatedEasyjet Market Analysis5052 Words   |  21 Pageslook of easyJet and will also discuss an analytic research that was made to demonstrate aspects of the history of the airline, along with the marketing strategy and brand strategy used and implemented by the low-budget airline. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, known as SWOT analysis, will also be illustrated along with the external environment better known as PEST analysis which consists of the political, environmental, social/cultural and technology factors of easyJet. In additionRead MoreRyanair vs. Easyjet Price Comparison1220 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Ticket Price Comparison of Ryanair Easyjet in the European Market Ron D’Alli Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University The European Airline industry’s growth dramatically changed after deregulation phased into the European market. 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Drive demand, ConversionRead MoreStrategy Easyjet887 Words   |  4 Pages2.1 Strategy EasyJet has adopted its business model from Southwest Airlines from the United states. It is adapted to the European market trough further cost-cutting measures. Important points in this business model are high aircraft utilization, short times on airport, charging for not needed extras and put much efforts in keeping the operating costs low. The key words in the strategy of Easy jet are â€Å"low price and no frill† based on Porter’s generic strategies (2.1.1) (appendix XX). This statesRead MorePestle Analysis of Easyjet797 Words   |  4 PagesPestle analysis of Easyjet Political Factors Political factors reflect the political stability of the region where Easyjet is operating. OPPORTUNITIES Government grants permission to purchase new Aircrafts. Government guidance and assistance available to travel and tourism businesses. 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Severity Level of Security Breaches

Question: Discuss about the Severity Level of Security Breaches. Answer: Introduction As the business and society become increasingly dependent on data, the threat landscape exponentially expanding day by day. Organizations are trying their heart and soul to introduce innovative and stronger defenses against security threats (Allodi, KotovMassacci,2013). Simultaneously cyber criminals applied more new tactics and techniques that break away all that efforts (Jaferian et al., 2016). This report concentrates on two recent and biggest security breaches; one is LinkedIn data breach and other is Anthem medical security breach. In the following sections, background of the problem, its impacts and the best possible solutions to avoid this kind of problems in future is discussed. Bitcoint Theft in Hong Kong Background of the Security Breach From a reported security breach from Bitfinex, it has come in front that, Bitcoins (Currency Exchange Office in Hong Kong) of worth around 72 million dollar was stolen. It is the second largest theft occurred in august 2016, after the cyber security attack in Mt Gox, where almost 12, 000 units of bitcoins were stolen (Coppola, 2016, August 06). Bitfinex is the largest exchange office of the world to exchange bitcoin into dollars. It is one of the renowned digital currency communitieswhich have deep liquidity in bitcoin currency in USA. This security breach comes in front after two months of scrutiny for prohibited transactions. Bitcoins is a digital currency created with safety and anonymity in mind. Unfortunately, no buyer protection is there. Whenever, customers went to buy any products by paying a Bitcoin, the transaction was failed. From the incident it can be stated that, the ownership of the organization is always masked which leads to this kind of security attack (Coppola, 201 6, August 06). Occurrence of the Security Breach BitFinex has come under the allegation of Futures Trading Comission and U.S commodity for providing financial exchange transactions in the digital currencies using bitcoin. As a virtual digital currency system, transaction is done though bitcoin without any intermediary state. This is also known as cryptocurrency and is the largest in terms of market value. The security attack is the reminiscent of 2014 security breach where Mt GOx (Tokyo Based Exchange Office) lost 500 million dollars bitcoin (Coppola, 2016, August 06). After the security breach happened in Hong Kong, Bitfinex announced that the compensation will be done by providing BFX labeled tokens. However, this is still not transferred into reality which put off many persons to not adapt this. Amongst the total unit of Bitcoin, only .75 percent amount was stolen. Users who logged in the platform of this organization, have discovered that 36.06 percentage of people suffered due to this cyber security attack. Multiple accounts were hacked and significant number of customers or a subset of bitcoin trade community was highly impacted. Customers expressed their anger and stated that absence of proper security protocols such as two factor authentication resulted in the transfer of funds to exchange. The greatest impact is price has fallen down by 20% after the massive security breach occurred. For a long time, users were not been able to access their funds. They were not also able to withdraw their account which leads to grater conflicts and disruptions. Best Possible Countermeasures Countermeasures can be adopted but risks are always there (Kolfal, Patterson Yeo, 2013). Bitcoin is still unknown to many persons and everyone does not feel comfortable to have a currency which is not printed in a physical format properly (Barlow et al., 2013). In addition, this consists of anonymous transactions such as torrent website which proves that the system is not proper. People should avoid purchasing of large amount of goods with the help of Bitcoins to reduce volatility. Seeking help from third party can be taken to settle down this kind of disputes in future. From technical point of view, the digital currency should encrypt their digital wallet with a strong password such as mix of upper and lower case letters almost of 16 characters including numbers and punctuation marks (Kurmus et al., 2013). In addition, users should use offline wallet for saving purposes which will not be connected to any kind of network or grid. This kind of mechanism is known as cold storage. Users can also backup their wallet by restoring all the private keys of invisible and visible Bitcoin addresses. Encrypting the online backups is one of the best security countermeasures. Instead of central storage, multiple secure locations should be used to store the wallet which can recover the Bitcoins failure in future. Amongst all these preventions, cold storage mechanism is the best to recover this situation by mitigating all the vulnerabilities. Anthem Medical Data Breach Background of the Problem Anthem Inc. is the second largest health insurance organization, headquartered in USA faced massive cyber security breach in 4th February of 2015 (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). More than 37 million information were hacked by the criminal hackers which was stored in central server of the organization. In this cyber security attack personal information of 78 million people were hacked, however, financial and medical information were not affected. Unfortunately, confidential information of 80 million companies were compromised in this security breach which comprised of medical IDs, email addresses, social security number, employment information and many others (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). The victims are former as well as new members of Anthem Health plans whose personal information were stolen by the hackers due to the presence of security loopholes in IT system of the organization. According to the investigation report, almost 10 million Americans were trapped under this s ecurity attack. As this type of organization does not use simple PII (Personally Identifiable Information) like mobile company or banks, cyber crooks can easily made their targets on internal database of the organization. Various medical plans of this organization such as Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS), Blue Cross have been largely impacted which are not operated by Anthem but also by various providers in USA (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). Impacts of Security Breach This has significant negative impacts on the organizational associations, the business partners and most importantly on the customers. Whenever this incident has become publicly available, customers were worried about their security and they lose their trust from the organization. As a result, most of them withdrawn their medical policies which leads to significant losses for the organization. Occurrence of the Security Breach Based on the former name of Anthem, Wellpoint, the attackers has created a domain name wellpoint.com. By creating this site, the attackers were tried to get access on the internal IT system including the database and server of the organization through phishing attack. Through this attack, hackers created a fake log in page which helped to gain access in the actual websites of the organization (Bogdanoski, ShuminoskiRisteski, 2013). The fake log in page has consists of two files; one is login.php and the other one is index.html page. The hackers uploaded these pages on the hosting site which helped the attackers to create their own accounts. After creating the own account, attackers uploaded both the files of phishing page on the control panel of IT system. Now, whenever the users try to access the service of Anthem the log.txt page stores password of the users and all the confidential information of the users got hacked. The phishing emails contain malicious software which can slow d own the computer operation or can track users activities. By sending the fake emails to the users, users accounts got hacked by the cyber criminals and all the confidential details were stolen. Best Possible Countermeasures Credit Freeze: Security freeze is one of the best options to prevent oneself from this kind of security attacks. Using of this mechanism will halt the hackers to get access on users account without their permission (Loske et al., 2014). Eve if the cyber criminals try to to gain access, alert will be displayed to the users and the criminal will be blocked. Two Factor Authentications: Two step authentications is the best where one time password is not enough to get access on the account (Nwobodo, JahankhaniEdoh, 2014). Whenever anyone will try to log in to the business account, after giving the password for the first time, it will again ask for processing with the second step. In this ways, hackers will not be able to get access of users or business accounts (Chen et al., 2016). Change Id and Password Frequently: Users, whose accounts are associated with Anthem medical organization, should been protected with strong password and the password along with log in id should be frequently changed (PadrStanilovsky, 2012). In addition, the setting on the account should be properly configured, so that whenever hackers will try to steal the confidential information, automatic alert message will be displayed on the personal devices of the users (Breitenbauch, 2015). Avoid Phishing Scams: users should be always aware of the emails coming from unrecognized senders (Jing et al., 2014). Whenever, users will do any kind of transactions, the site should be checked properly such as the lock icon on the status bar or the URL link which should be initiated with https rather than http. Emails coming from the unknown senders should be checked before fetching any attachment or clicking on any website (Ristov, GusevDonevski, 2013). Users or organization should not provide any kind of personal or confidential information from on the pop up screen. Moreover, web address should not be copied on the browsers which are displayed on the prop up screen. Encryption Technique and Firewall: Entire system of the organization should be properly secured with advanced security applications firewall, encryption technique and others (Hossain FotouhiHasan, 2015). These kinds of security protocols help to analyze each and every incoming and outgoing data of the network which helps to protect the system from malicious software and viruses (Borgohain, KumarSanyal, 2015). In addition, antivirus software should be used to guard the system and keep updated from regular patches. Conclusion Two massive security breaches are described in this report which helps to conclude the fact that, cyber attacks not only disrupts the entire business performance but also leads to greater conflicts amongst the customers. Two recent cyber security attacks one is Bitcoin theft of Hong Kong and other is Anthem medical data breach forced to think that enhancement of security is very crucial for the societal as well as cultural well fare. Both of these incidents are analyzed properly and it ha been discovered from the investigation that significant negative impacts of these cyber security breaches leads to think about the adaption of best possible solutions as preventive methods. Based on the analysis, encryption technique, two factor authentications and cold storage mechanism are suggested which can mitigate these problems in future for sure. References Allodi, L., Kotov, V. Massacci, F., (2013). Malwarelab: Experimentation with cybercrime attack tools. InPresented as part of the 6th Workshop on Cyber Security Experimentation Test. AnthemFacts.com. (2016, August 12). Anthem. Retrieved from https:/www.anthemfacts.com Barlow, J.B., Warkentin, M., Ormond, D. Dennis, A.R., (2013). Don't make excuses! Discouraging neutralization to reduce IT policy violation.Computers security,39, pp.145-159. Bogdanoski, M., Shuminoski, T. Risteski, A., (2013). Analysis of the SYN flood DoS attack.International Journal of Computer Network Information Security,5(8), p.1. Borgohain, T., Kumar, U. Sanyal, S., (2015). Survey of security privacy issues of internet of things.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.02211. Breitenbauch, H. (2015). Defence Planning.Academic Foresights, (13). Chen, D.D., Egele, M., Woo, M. Brumley, D., (2016). Towards Automated Dynamic Analysis for Linux-based Embedded Firmware. InISOC Network Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Coppola, F. (2016, August 06). Forbes. Retrieved from Forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2016/08/06/theft-and-mayhem-in-the-bitcoin-world/ Hossain, M.M., Fotouhi, M. Hasan, R., (2015), June. Towards an Analysis of Security Issues, Challenges, Open Problems in the Internet of Things. In2015 IEEE World Congress on Services(pp. 21-28). IEEE. Jaferian, P., Hawkey, K., Sotirakopoulos, A., Velez-Rojas, M. Beznosov, K., (2014). Heuristics for evaluating IT security management tools.HumanComputer Interaction,29(4), pp.311-350. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A.V., Wan, J., Lu, J. Qiu, D., (2014). Security of the internet of things: Perspectives challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), pp.2481-2501. Kolfal, B., Patterson, R.A. Yeo, M.L., (2013). Market impact on it security spending.Decision Sciences,44(3), pp.517-556. Kurmus, A., Tartler, R., Dorneanu, D., Heinloth, B., Rothberg, V., Ruprecht, A., Schrder-Preikschat, W., Lohmann, D. Kapitza, R., (2013), February. Attack Surface Metrics Automated Compile-Time OS Kernel Tailoring. InNDSS. Loske, A., Widjaja, T., Benlian, A. Buxmann, P., (2014). Perceived IT security risks in cloud adoption: the role of perceptual incongruence between users providers. Nwobodo, I., Jahankhani, H. Edoh, A., (2014). Security challenges in the distributed cloud computing.International Journal of Electronic Security Digital Forensics 9,6(1), pp.38-51. Padr, L. Stanilovsky, E., (2012)Freeling 3.0: Towards wider multilinguality. InLREC2012. Ristov, S., Gusev, M. Donevski, A., (2013). Openstack cloud security vulnerabilities from inside outside.CLOUD COMPUTING, pp.101-107.

Trade Union Development Essay Example

Trade Union Development Essay Trade Union Development in Jamaica Trinidad Tobago Trade Unionism: Hugh W. Springer ? Trade Unionism is an instrument of social change and progress. It had to be invented because it is a necessary part of the apparatus of democratic government in modern industrial society. In the West Indies the Trade Union Movement came into existence as part of the larger movement for the freedom and independent nationhood. ? Economic Conditions that contributed to Discontentment in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1st Great Depression late 19th Century Low Wages / Increased mechanisation of processes (affected mostly women) Rising Prices / Rising Cost of Living Increasing Unemployment Underemployment Reduction in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA Other: – – – No Machinery to air grievances Lack of political and legal rights Unsanitary working conditions Role of the Media ? ? ? Dissemination of information that reached the masses (Newspapers) but National Newspaper promoted capitalist interests Audio and Visual information through Radio broadcast and news reels at cinemas Case: A group of intellectuals developed a radical critique that help to shape a new political culture in Trinidad, they did so through – – – – A literary journal called Trinidad The beacon magazine There was also a similar type of vehicle used in Jamaica called the Plain Talk, a Garveyite weekly newspaper edited by Alfred Mendez Public Opinion used by local intellectuals to write letters and articles We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer World Events as well as Social Factors that Contributed to Greater Levels of Consciousness at a Regional Level attacks on the Abyssinians – aroused anti-white feelings among the blacks ? Italian ? The repatriation of Labourers who had gone to Latin America ?Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association which increased class solidarity and the advocacy of Trade Unionism as well as it contributed to the spread of Marxist ideas – workers had taken power and property from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen returning home after World War 1 Welcome to Jamaica â€Å"Gud feh si yuh† Conditions Unique to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production Mass migration in Kingston and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported back to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism – Leonard Howell Late 19th Century ? ? ? Angry protest broke out in many of the colonies Trade Unions were still illegal At least 16 serious disturbances occurred between 1884-1905 according to Bolland – – Most in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 1912) Trinidad 1903 Jamaica ? ? ? The largest economy of the region They took the lead in confronting the Colonial Power-Structure Their history of rebellion – – Maroons victory in 1738 Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865 – in which Governor Eyre had to expeditiously abolish the Representative type Government and it found approval with the colonial office – New Constitution introduced – Crown Colony The Representative Type of Government Governors (representing the Imperial Powers) Conflict over power in the system particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest) Local Crown Colony Structure Resident Governor (Autocratic Power) Executive Council (Policy – making) Legislative Assembly Nominated (majority) / Elected (minority) Jamaica ? Brief Overview – – – Prior to emancipation (during apprenticeship) there was a noticeable trek of wage labour Land acquisition had become popular among former slaves By the 1860s the majority of the labour force comprised of small farmers, peasants, rural (nonstate) labourers and independent semi-skilled tradesman – growing Black Middle Class Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ? Between World War I II, there were more vocalising of colonial exploitation and oppression The Mass movement Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of unemployed labourers was becoming popular The movement of Garveyism – philosophy of negritude improvement and denunciation of the white-power regime United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? Both Bedwardism Garveyism as Mass Movements suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans But the Middle Class too was involved in the struggle with several quasi-political nationalist organisations – – – Social Reconstruction League The National Reform Association The Jamaica Progressive League Early Organised Labour ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice Factory went on strike in 1917 and several were imprisoned In 1918 tram and dock workers began organising Several strikes took place in 1918 as a matter of fact a strike among sugar workers resulted in violent police action where 3 people were killed and several others injured Early Organised Labour Con’t ? ? ? In 1919 railway workers formed a ‘union under cover’ called the Workingmen’s Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends formed the Jamaican federation of Labour (JFL) – a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for legal and official recognition for Trade Unions, which saw the TU Law became law in Oct. 25th 1919 The Trade Union Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered Trade Unions and protected them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did not confer immunity for Union and workers from liability of tort or breach of Contract It did not legalise peaceful picketing The strikes and organisation of workers in 1917 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs Post 1930 ? ? ? ? ? Labour protest took place in 1935 along the North Coast although it was peaceful, armed forces were sent One person died, several people injured and several arrests were made In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union (JWTU) was formed and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan Hunger marches followed in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoemaker and by UNIA organiser L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle class reform – the National Reform Association (NRA) – Noel Nethersole (President); Ken Hill (Secretary) and F. A. Glasspole – they had formed a radical, socially active network Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? Manley’s Jamaicans’ Labour Party was launched in April 1937 Manley had won the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA saying that the problems in Jamaica were social and economic not political So up to 1938 the two most serious attempts to organize working people were the JWTU and the Poor Man’s Improvement Land Settlement and Labour Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or Hero of the Working class? While Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they accepted assistance from Bustamante, who was a money lender He became the Union’s Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, then moved to Panama a few years later before moving back to Cuba In 1928 he tried a dairy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York calling himself Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speaking at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the leadership of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could officially happened Bustamante after facing opposition from Coombs supporters quitted from the Union April June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? According to Bolland – first was the riot and strike at Frome Estate in Westmoreland between April 29th – May 2nd Protest, Strikes and uprising in Kingston between May 2nd – M ay 28th Mainly Dock workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and ‘Rolling Strikes’ throughout the Island between May 23rd – June 11th All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and Grant were charged with Sedition, inciting people to assemble unlawfully and refusing to move on when ordered to and taken to jail Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the incarceration of the two Manley took a more prominent role using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a mediator opposed to trade union leader A state of emergency was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a martyr and Hart and Buchanan did not want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers also did not want Manley’s advice In essence, Manley’s role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the foundation for the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) according to Bolland The Governor appointed a board of conciliation In response Manley announced the creation of a Labour Committee which was the foundation of the Labour Party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the committee Cont’d ? ? ? Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 28th 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed credit for doing better than Manley in terms of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was able to get workers to return to work Both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to settle other claims before it Rebellions after the Release of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demonstrations Roads were blocked and telephone wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on strike in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and 3rd respectively Several people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley travelled around the country trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem being unemployment Aftermath ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The state intervened with a land settlement scheme, tools, seeds, etc According to the Commissioner’s report eight people were killed, scores injured both law enforcers and civilians and over four hundred person were convicted and given punishments Rivalry emerged between the two cousins Manley founded the Peoples National Party (PNP) British Fabian Socialism in September 1938 Nationalistic An autocratic style of leadership was developed by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on 23rd January 1939 – Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its funds and to appoint a committee of Management – authoritarian style of leadership Disunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Within the Trade Union Movement itself there was a rivalry between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were changing alliances But the JWTU remained popular among the banana and dock workers in St James After a worker who was also a member of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide strike Some workers heeded to the call and as a result a State of Emergency was issued The strike was a major failure and blow to the TU movement Disunity Cont’d ? ? ? Bustamante broke the truce and broke away from the Trade Union Advisory Council Protection from state for â€Å"strike breakers† Despite the evidence of need for unity the movements remained divided Analysis of the Rebellion ? Locality – – Rural interest in land ownership Urban – more proletarianised ? ? ? Relations between Capital and Labour Levels of consciousness and organization of workers Known contradictions by the state Impact of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ? It provided an experience in labour politics that irreversibly changed the colony’s political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of Leaders of the Labour and Nationalist Movement Appointment of a board of Conciliation – to settle labour disputes and make recommendations to relieve unemployment this was also an indication of acceptance for negotiation between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaica’s Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The achievement of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September 8th 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNP’s left stepped in to revive the BITU There was a call from the PNP’s left wing for unity between the movements based on race and class consciousness which contributed to the growth of the anti-colonial and nationalist mov ement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for constitutional reform by demanding a Bicameral legislature. Manley was also in favour of a Federation After Bustamante’s release the coalition was solidified between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaboration was brief and ended in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Despite the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the publication of the Moyne Commission Report All strikes failed In 1942 there was an imposing of several restrictions through legislation again – Defence Projects and Essential Services (Trade Disputes) order Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis – increased unemployment The Citizens Emergency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and included groups such as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as the Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Henry and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards moved to have the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the transport system The Authorized Associations (Government Departments) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it forbid membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same regulation but eventual the British government revoked it and restored the right for government employees to select their own officials These efforts however did not equate into similar numbers as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWU’s Operations ? ? ? ? Manley’s PNP contributed to the constitutional change towards self-government in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the classes in Jamaica The PNP ’s policy was formally socialist Manley expelled the â€Å"4 Hs† in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante did not really campaign for constitutional reform but was priming himself for the opportunity when it came through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) Instead the JLP advocated a conservative reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic gap JLP was supported by the old propertied elite In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the leading labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU won elections in 1946 and as Minister of Communications became a source of additional power and as a promotional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP PNP/NWU ? ? On October 20th 1947 – at Trench Pen left several BITU/JLP members dead and wounded PNP Supporter – J. Nicholas after being threatened by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica Conclusion ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the abi lity of organised labour to influence class structure and class relations Political reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of meaningful social change Trinidad and Tobago An Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively short period of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slower because there was no common base upon which that spirit of national consciousness could have been forged Middle class support however, was quicker and forthcoming The earliest and longest lasting organisation of working people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) – 1897 – it had two divisions TWA was involved in Political reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers’ T Pre 1930 ? ? ? The general social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully established It was only in the latter half of the 19th Century that the legislative and institutional framework was attaining that stage of development which would enable a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in oil and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main agency for collective political and industrial action Although still illegal organised Labour was clearly progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? Sugar Cocoa †¢Prices depressed due to drop in world prices in early 1920s (2nd Great Depression) †¢ mechanisation of the production processes – increased unemployment ? Oil – although substantial profits workers earned little T Post 1930 ? ? ? ? New radical leadership started to develop Politically motivated militant groups began to agitate and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Trinidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union Ordinance came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal However it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, Butler did not register a Trade Union instead it was a political party named Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) There was increasing dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Cipriani’s authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were taking place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Cipriani’s leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red House in June 1933 T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette and Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the country By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro Welfare Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 – Activities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungry march to POS organised by Butler and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event marked the start of Butler’s rise as a labour leader in the oilfields of southern Trinidad Links were also made between Butler and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens’ League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was crazed about Indian nationalism and world socialism Butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? Butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens Home Rule Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself â€Å"Chief Servant† He was not a revolutionary but a traditional leader according to Bolland†¦. he had socialist and anti-imperialist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership direction and organisation for the emergence of Trade Unions Where there Employers Organisations all the while? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the catalyst that was needed for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers planned peaceful (sit-down) strikes restricted to the Oil Industry June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June 18th It was an island-wide labour Crisis that involved all industries including Tobago Few people died including a police officer and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction State Intervention ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Governor came up with a double policy of ‘conciliation’ and ‘repression’ He announced that he would seek a settlement ‘which will be fair to employers and employees alike’ A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers’ grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum wages) for Government Workers Oil companies agreed to raise the minimum wage and shorten working hours A commission of inquiry was also launched into the disturbances Collective Bargaining ? On July 25th 1937 a committee of oil workers publicly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of Collective Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empire’s largest producer of oil ‘was an important determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances’ By the end of 1937†¦.. ? Six Unions had gained o fficial recognition from the colonial government, they were: – – – – – – Amalgamated Building Wood Workers Trade Union – 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public Works Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher admittedly expressed concern over the extremely low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of living was increasing and the Government’s revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had continued to get worse They displayed a more humane view of workers than Employers But it was short lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to strengthens laws at the detriment of Trade Unions Impact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The commission recommended – the creation of a labour department – the appointment of a labour officer to act as mediator and arbitrator between employer and employees – The establishment of an Industrial Court – An amendment to the workers’ compensation law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to gather in public These represented Labour, legislative and Political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances Impact Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage Uniting of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the Committee of Industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour r ights as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not address the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? â€Å"The salience of race and class, and their relationship to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emergence of the Labour movement in Trinidad† Industrial Action at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ? Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a garment factory who were demanding increased wages and better living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in sympathy Conciliation had failed Other Unions pledged assistance and supported a boycott of all the stores displaying the clothing Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks annual vacation, protective clothing a system of shop-floor representation Further Organization ? ? ? The OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour Conference in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade Unionists to study abroad Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recomme ndations ? ? ? ? ? ? The enactment of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages consequent on strikes; legalisation of peaceful picketing; compulsory registration of Trade Unions; and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The appointment of a Labour Advisor at the Comptroller of the West Indian Welfare Fund who would maintain close liaison with Labour Officers/Departments The establishment of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee whose members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a means of fixing wages preferable t legislation The establishment of an Industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The establishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The adoption of a Workmen’s Compensation Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry – the imposition of welfare levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the following : – The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, judicial office and public office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style On May 6th 1939 Butler was released from Prison He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Union’s support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler continued to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continued to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike called by him in December 1946 was successful Butler was the only Labour leader that made a genuine attempt to unify the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy – – Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food crop sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working c lass – – ? Divisions in the labour – – Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African descent Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion. Political Activities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the number of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven to nine and the number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzi’s elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzi’s SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? Soon after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The franchise committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a minority position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of acting Second Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the advise of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of universal suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be literate in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property valued at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Political Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United Front (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three seats were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ? The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butler’s supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 seated not to be elected On May Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections 18th September 1950 Out of the 18 seats contested Butler’s Party – BEWCHRP won six seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbean Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected Two of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypassed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elections again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the People’s National Movement (PNM) Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later re pealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act , 1972, Chapter 88:01 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for

Chapter 24 Essays - International Relations, World History, Economy

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For Hult International Business School - Personal Statement Example I have acknowledged that a brighter future awaits if I pursue higher educational degrees in the field I am most interested in. Since the start of my bachelor degree, I have focused on delving in International Business at Hult International Business School due to the shared commitment for â€Å"personal growth, intellectual integrity, global sensitivity, local engagement, and civic values, so that students are able to flourish in the global economy and are empowered to contribute meaningfully to their business and community† (Hult: Mission, 2010). In this regard, I am looking forward into changing cities to face new challenges and experiences. After completing Master of International Business, I plan to pursue a job in finance or real estate, concurrent with past experience in my family’s business. Likewise, after a few years of work experience, I am determined to return to Hult to pursue my MBA.   For my long-term goals, there is this entrepreneurial drive to take over my familys real estate firm in Belgrade, pursuant to the encouragement of my parents. Equipped with the theoretical framework and skills honed through the academe, I am determined to expand it and to seek new business opportunities to capture Balkans’ growing market. The course in International Business would effectively develop the needed knowledge and skills to venture into opportunities in the local market (initially) and eventually in global and emerging markets. My current course in Economics with focus on finance and administration would provide the theoretical background to indulge in higher education on an analogous field on endeavor. As I have been part of our family business, I was exposed to the rigors of entrepreneurship, management, operations, and human behavior in organizations. These experiences, in conjunction with the academic framework, provide the impetus for making my plans viable and credible, both in the short-term and

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